Recherche des facteurs génétiques à l’origine de la maladie de Parkinson dans la population canadienne-française du Québec

La maladie de Parkinson (MP) est une affection neurodégénérative invalidante et incurable. Il est maintenant clairement établi que d’importants déterminants génétiques prédisposent à son apparition. La recherche génétique sur des formes familiales de la MP a mené à la découverte d’un minimum de six gènes causatifs (SNCA, LRRK2, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and GBA) et certains, par exemple LRRK2, contiennent des variations génétiques qui prédisposent également aux formes sporadiques. La caractérisation des protéines codées par ces gènes a mené à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires sousjacents. Toutefois, en dépit de ces efforts, les causes menant à l’apparition de la MP restent inconnues pour la majorité des patients. L’objectif général des présents travaux était d’identifier des mutations prédisposant à la MP dans la population canadienne-française du Québec à partir d’une cohorte composée principalement de patients sporadiques. Le premier volet de ce projet consistait à déterminer la présence de mutations de LRRK2 dans notre cohorte en séquençant directement les exons contenant la majorité des mutations pathogéniques et en effectuant une étude d’association. Nous n’avons identifié aucune mutation et l’étude d’association s’est avérée négative, suggérant ainsi que LRRK2 n’est pas une cause significative de la MP dans la population canadienne-française. La deuxième partie du projet avait pour objectif d’identifier de nouveaux gènes causatifs en séquençant directement des gènes candidats choisis à cause de leurs implications dans différents mécanismes moléculaires sous-tendant la MP. Notre hypothèse de recherche était basée sur l’idée que la MP est principalement due à des mutations individuellement rares dans un grand nombre de gènes différents. Nous avons identifié des mutations rares dans les gènes PICK1 et MFN1. Le premier code pour une protéine impliquée dans la régulation de la transmission du glutamate tandis que le second est un des acteurs-clés du processus de fusion mitochondriale. Nos résultats, qui devront être répliqués, suggèrent que le séquençage à grande échelle pourrait être une méthode prometteuse d’élucidation des facteurs de prédisposition génétiques à la MP ; ils soulignent l’intérêt d’utiliser une population fondatrice comme les canadiens-français pour ce type d’étude et devraient permettre d’approfondir les connaissances sur la pathogénèse moléculaire de la MP.Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex neurological disorder with significant genetic predisposing factors which are extremely heterogeneous. Investigations of familial forms of the disorder revealed causative mutations in six different genes, namely SNCA, LRRK2, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1 and GBA, and functional analyses of these gene products pinpointed dysfunction of key molecular pathways involved in the neurodegenerative process of the disorder. Further sequencing and genome-wide association studies indicated that some of these genes, including LRRK2, also contain variants predisposing to sporadic forms of PD. Despite these significant breakthroughs, the vast majority of PD genetic predisposing factors remain unknown. Our goal was to identify mutations predisposing to PD in the French Canadian (FC) population from a cohort mostly composed of late-onset sporadic cases. We therefore sequenced the two exons of LRRK2 that contain most of the pathogenic mutations and we performed a case-control association study. Sequencing analysis did not reveal any reported or novel mutations and the case-control association study did not provide any positive signal, thus indicating that common variants in LRRK2 are unlikely to be a significant cause of late-onset PD in the FC population. Because of the allelic and non-allelic genetic heterogeneity observed for PD, we hypothesized that dozens of genes may carry rare pathogenic mutations. The second part of this research project was therefore aimed at identifying new PD causative genes by direct sequencing of genes functionally associated with the known causative gene pathways. Our screening uncovered several rare mutations likely pathogenic in the PICK1 and the MFN1 genes. PICK1 is involved in internalization of AMPA receptors whereas MFN1 is one of the core components of the mitochondrial fusion/fission machinery. Although these observations will need to be replicated, our findings support the previously suspected pathogenic role for glutamate excitotoxicity and imbalanced mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson’s disease. They further emphasize the value of inbred populations in genetic studies of PD and provide new clues to the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder

Technologies d'aujourd'hui et de demain pour la numérisation et la manipulation de modèles 3D

International audienceVirtual mockups show numerous advantages against the manipulation of real archeological objects. However, using them in the best way require various software tools, but also the correct and most efficient hardware. Relying on our long experience in the virtual reality hardware domain, this paper describe the various solutions from today and the ones that will be available tomorrow, which will help the digitization process and enhance the use of 3D models. The paper therefore copes with every aspect of the simulation work by detailing the digitization step, the various visualization interfaces and the interaction tools.L’intérêt d’utiliser des maquettes virtuelles en lieu et place d’objets réels n’est plus à démontrer. Leur valorisation repose cependant sur de nombreux outils logiciels, mais également matériels. Se reposant sur notre longue expérience dans le domaine du matériel de Réalité Virtuelle, cet article a pour objectif de décrire les solutions existantes et futures qui facilitent et optimisent la numérisation et l’utilisation du modèle 3D. Il abordera chacune des étapes de la chaîne de simulation, et détaillera ainsi l’étape de numérisation, les interfaces de visualisation et les outils d’interaction

3DC2 : a multiple view interactive platform

International audienceCet article présente un prototype de 3DC21, un système interactif multi-opérateur multi-vues. Ce système a pour principale caractéristique la possibilité de présenter deux vues 3D stéréoscopiques distinctes à deux opérateurs travaillant sur la même surface interactive. Il a pour cible applicative des contextes de travail coopératif pour lesquels la 3D est primordiale. Il est démontré sur un scénario de surveillance urbaine à base de drones aéroportés

Toucheo: Multitouch and Stereo Combined in a Seamless Workspace.

International audienceWe propose a new system that efficiently combines direct multitouch interaction with co-located 3D stereoscopic visualization. In our approach, users benefit from well-known 2D metaphors and widgets displayed on a monoscopic touchscreen, while visualizing occlusion-free 3D objects floating above the surface at an optically correct distance. Technically, a horizontal semi-transparent mirror is used to reflect 3D images produced by a stereoscopic screen, while the user's hand as well as a multitouch screen located below this mirror remain visible. By registering the 3D virtual space and the physical space, we produce a rich and unified workspace where users benefit simultaneously from the advantages of both direct and indirect interaction, and from 2D and 3D visualizations. A pilot usability study shows that this combination of technology provides a good user experience

An Immersive Multitouch Workspace

International audienceWe propose a new system that efficiently combines direct multitouch interaction and 3D stereoscopic visualization. In our approach, users interact by way of simple 2D gestures on a monoscopic touchscreen, while visualizing occlusion-free 3D stereoscopic objects floating above the surface at an optically correct distance. By registering the 3D virtual space with the physical space, we produce a rich seamless workspace where both the advantages of direct and indirect interaction are jointly exploited. In addition to standard multitouch gestures and controls (e.g. pan, zoom, and standard 2D widgets) from which we take advantage, we have designed a dedicated multitouch 3D transformation widget. This widget allows the near-direct control of rotations, scaling, and translations of the manipulated objects. To illustrate the power of our setup, we have designed a demo scenario where participants reassemble 3D virtual fragments. This scenario, as many others, takes benefit of our proposal, where the strength of both multitouch interaction and stereoscopic visualization are unified in an innovative and relevant workspace

Ten new cases further delineate the syndromic intellectual disability phenotype caused by mutations in DYRK1A

The dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) gene, located on chromosome 21q22.13 within the Down syndrome critical region, has been implicated in syndromic intellectual disability associated with Down syndrome and autism. DYRK1A has a critical role in brain growth and development primarily by regulating cell proliferation, neurogenesis, neuronal plasticity and survival. Several patients have been reported with chromosome 21 aberrations such as partial monosomy, involving multiple genes including DYRK1A. In addition, seven other individuals have been described with chromosomal rearrangements, intragenic deletions or truncating mutations that disrupt specifically DYRK1A. Most of these patients have microcephaly and all have significant intellectual disability. In the present study, we report 10 unrelated individuals with DYRK1A-associated intellectual disability (ID) who display a recurrent pattern of clinical manifestations including primary or acquired microcephaly, ID ranging from mild to severe, speech delay or absence, seizures, autism, motor delay, deep-set eyes, poor feeding and poor weight gain. We identified unique truncating and non-synonymous mutations (three nonsense, four frameshift and two missense) in DYRK1A in nine patients and a large chromosomal deletion that encompassed DYRK1A in one patient. On the basis of increasing identification of mutations in DYRK1A, we suggest that this gene be considered potentially causative in patients presenting with ID, primary or acquired microcephaly, feeding problems and absent or delayed speech with or without seizures

LINGO1 Variants in the French-Canadian Population

Essential tremor (ET) is a complex genetic disorder for which no causative gene has been found. Recently, a genome-wide association study reported that two variants in the LINGO1 locus were associated to this disease. The aim of the present study was to test if this specific association could be replicated using a French-Canadian cohort of 259 ET patients and 479 ethnically matched controls. Our genotyping results lead us to conclude that no association exists between the key variant rs9652490 and ET (Pcorr = 1.00)

Studies on the Cobalt Deficiency in Ruminants (III) : Effects of Thiamine, Glucose and Cobalamin Injection on the Metabolism of Cobalt-deficient Sheep

International audienceN-terminal acetylation is a common protein modification in eukaryotes associated with numerous cellular processes. Inherited mutations in NAA10, encoding the catalytic subunit of the major N-terminal acetylation complex NatA have been associated with diverse, syndromic X-linked recessive disorders, whereas de novo missense mutations have been reported in one male and one female individual with severe intellectual disability but otherwise unspecific phenotypes. Thus, the full genetic and clinical spectrum of NAA10 deficiency is yet to be delineated. We identified three different novel and one known missense mutation in NAA10, de novo in 11 females, and due to maternal germ line mosaicism in another girl and her more severely affected and deceased brother. In vitro enzymatic assays for the novel, recurrent mutations p.(Arg83Cys) and p.(Phe128Leu) revealed reduced catalytic activity. X-inactivation was random in five females. The core phenotype of X-linked NAA10-related N-terminal-acetyltransferase deficiency in both males and females includes developmental delay, severe intellectual disability, postnatal growth failure with severe microcephaly, and skeletal or cardiac anomalies. Genotype–phenotype correlations within and between both genders are complex and may include various factors such as location and nature of mutations, enzymatic stability and activity, and X-inactivation in females

The "extreme phenotype approach" applied to male breast cancer allows the identification of rare variants of ATR as potential breast cancer susceptibility alleles

In oncogenetics, some patients could be considered as "extreme phenotypes", such as those with very early onset presentation or multiple primary malignancies, unusually high numbers of cancers of the same spectrum or rare cancer types in the same parental branch. For these cases, a genetic predisposition is very likely, but classical candidate gene panel analyses often and frustratingly remains negative. In the framework of the EX2TRICAN project, exploring unresolved extreme cancer phenotypes, we applied exome sequencing on rare familial cases with male breast cancer, identifying a novel pathogenic variant of ATR (p.Leu1808*). ATR has already been suspected as being a predisposing gene to breast cancer in women. We next identified 3 additional ATR variants in a cohort of both male and female with early onset and familial breast cancers (c.7762-2A>C; c.2078+1G>A; c.1A>G). Further molecular and cellular investigations showed impacts on transcripts for variants affecting splicing sites and reduction of ATR expression and phosphorylation of the ATR substrate CHEK1. This work further demonstrates the interest of an extended genetic analysis such as exome sequencing to identify very rare variants that can play a role in cancer predisposition in extreme phenotype cancer cases unexplained by classical cancer gene panels testing